電氣檢修規(guī)程最終版

保德神東發(fā)電有限責(zé)任公司 電氣檢修規(guī)程

電氣檢修規(guī)程

批 準(zhǔn)：張金良

審 核：王 冬

編 制：段建峰

保德神東發(fā)電有限責(zé)任公司

日 期：二0一0年四月

本規(guī)程引用以下資料：

1.部頒《電力工業(yè)技術(shù)管理法規(guī)》

2.部頒《電業(yè)安全工作規(guī)程》

3.設(shè)備制造廠家使用說明書

4.山西省電力勘測(cè)設(shè)計(jì)院技術(shù)資料

5.各施工和調(diào)試單位的調(diào)試資料

下列人員應(yīng)學(xué)習(xí)、熟悉本規(guī)程，要認(rèn)真監(jiān)督本規(guī)程的執(zhí)行：

總經(jīng)理、副總經(jīng)理、總工程師、副總工程師、總經(jīng)理助理；

主管安全經(jīng)理、安健環(huán)經(jīng)理、安監(jiān)員；

設(shè)備技術(shù)部經(jīng)理、經(jīng)理助理、電氣專工、點(diǎn)檢員；

下列人員應(yīng)熟知并要嚴(yán)格要求執(zhí)行本規(guī)程：

檢修維護(hù)部經(jīng)理、經(jīng)理助理、電氣專責(zé)；

電氣班長(zhǎng)，電氣檢修人員；

下列人員應(yīng)了解本規(guī)程：

運(yùn)行部經(jīng)理、經(jīng)理助理、電氣專責(zé)

值長(zhǎng)、單元長(zhǎng)、值班員及其他有關(guān)人員

內(nèi)部資料 妥善保管

保德神東發(fā)電有限責(zé)任公司 電氣檢修規(guī)程

目 錄

第一篇 220kV輸變電設(shè)備保護(hù) ·································································································· 5

第一章 PSL602A縱聯(lián)距離保護(hù)裝置檢驗(yàn)規(guī)程 ········································································· 5

1 技術(shù)規(guī)范 ················································································································ 5 2 工作原理及校驗(yàn)周期································································································· 7 3 試驗(yàn)儀器儀表 ········································································································· 16 4 檢修工藝及標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ······································································································ 16 5 常用配件 ··············································································································· 19 6 二次回路檢查及傳動(dòng)試驗(yàn) ························································································· 19 第二章 PSL-631斷路器保護(hù)裝置檢驗(yàn)規(guī)程 ············································································ 21

1 技術(shù)規(guī)范 ··············································································································· 21 2 工作原理及檢驗(yàn)周期································································································ 22 3試驗(yàn)儀器儀表 ········································································································· 27 4檢修工藝及標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ······································································································ 27 5常用配件 ··············································································································· 30 6二次回路檢查及傳動(dòng)試驗(yàn) ·························································································· 30 第三章 RCS-992A穩(wěn)定控制裝置檢驗(yàn)規(guī)程 ············································································· 33

1 技術(shù)規(guī)范 ··············································································································· 33 2 工作原理及檢驗(yàn)周期································································································ 34 3 試驗(yàn)儀器儀表 ········································································································· 37 4 檢修工藝及標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ······································································································ 37 5 常用配件 ··············································································································· 38 6 二次回路檢查及傳動(dòng)試驗(yàn) ························································································· 38 第四章 微機(jī)監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)(NCS)檢驗(yàn)規(guī)程 ··················································································· 41

1 技術(shù)規(guī)范 ··············································································································· 41 2 工作原理及校驗(yàn)周期································································································ 43 3 試驗(yàn)儀器儀表 ········································································································· 46 4 檢修工藝及標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ······································································································ 46 5 常用配件 ··············································································································· 55 6 二次回路檢查及傳動(dòng)試驗(yàn) ························································································· 55 第五章 線路故障錄波裝置檢驗(yàn)規(guī)程 ····················································································· 57

1 技術(shù)規(guī)范 ··············································································································· 57 2 工作原理及檢驗(yàn)周期································································································ 57 3 試驗(yàn)儀器儀表 ········································································································· 62 4 檢修工藝及標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ······································································································ 62 5 常用配件 ··············································································································· 63 6 二次回路檢查及傳動(dòng)試驗(yàn) ························································································· 63

第二篇 發(fā)變組及啟/備變保護(hù)裝置檢驗(yàn)規(guī)程 ················································································· 65 第三篇 主廠房電力自動(dòng)裝置 ···································································································· 85

第一章 發(fā)電機(jī)同期裝置檢驗(yàn)規(guī)程 ························································································ 85 第二章 微機(jī)廠用電快速切換裝置檢驗(yàn)規(guī)程 ············································································ 91

1 技術(shù)規(guī)范 ··············································································································· 91 2 工作原理及檢驗(yàn)周期································································································ 92 3 試驗(yàn)儀器儀表 ········································································································· 95 4 檢修工藝及標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ······································································································ 95 5 常用配件 ··············································································································· 96 6 二次回路檢查及傳動(dòng)試驗(yàn) ························································································· 97 第三章 不停電電源UPS裝置檢驗(yàn)規(guī)程 ··············································································· 101

1 技術(shù)規(guī)范 ············································································································· 101

保德神東發(fā)電有限責(zé)任公司 電氣檢修規(guī)程 2 工作原理及檢驗(yàn)周期 ······························································································ 102 3 試驗(yàn)儀器儀表 ······································································································· 103 4 檢修工藝及標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ···································································································· 103 5 常用配件 ············································································································· 104 第四章 直流監(jiān)測(cè)裝置檢驗(yàn)規(guī)程 ························································································· 107

1技術(shù)規(guī)范 ············································································································· 107 2工作原理 ············································································································· 108 3試驗(yàn)儀器儀表 ········································································································ 111 4檢修工藝及標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ···································································································· 112 5常用配件 ············································································································· 114 6二次回路檢查及傳動(dòng)試驗(yàn) ························································································ 114

第四篇 廠用6kV系統(tǒng)保護(hù)檢驗(yàn)規(guī)程 ························································································ 119

第一章 MTPR-310-3X型微機(jī)變壓器保護(hù)裝置校驗(yàn)規(guī)程 ·························································· 119

1技術(shù)規(guī)范 ············································································································· 119 2 工作原理及檢驗(yàn)周期 ······························································································ 120 3 試驗(yàn)儀器儀表 ······································································································· 120 4 檢修工藝及標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ···································································································· 120 第二章 MTPR--6110H型變壓器差動(dòng)保護(hù)裝置校驗(yàn)規(guī)程 ·························································· 123

1 技術(shù)規(guī)范 ············································································································· 123 2 工作原理及檢驗(yàn)周期 ······························································································ 124 3 試驗(yàn)儀器儀表 ······································································································· 124 4 檢修工藝及標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ···································································································· 125 5 常用配件及專用工具 ······························································································ 126 第三章 MLPR-310Hb型線路保護(hù)測(cè)控裝置 ············································································ 127

1 技術(shù)規(guī)范 ············································································································· 127 2 工作原理及檢驗(yàn)周期 ······························································································ 128 3 試驗(yàn)儀器儀表 ······································································································· 128 4 檢修工藝及標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ···································································································· 129 5 常用配件及專用工具 ······························································································ 130 6 二次回路檢查及傳動(dòng)試驗(yàn) ························································································ 130 第四章 MMPR-310Hb-3X型微機(jī)電動(dòng)機(jī)保護(hù)裝置 ································································· 131

1 技術(shù)規(guī)范 ············································································································· 131 2 工作原理及檢驗(yàn)周期 ······························································································ 132 5 常用配件及專用工器具 ··························································································· 134 6 二次回路檢查及傳動(dòng)試驗(yàn) ························································································ 134 第五章 MMPR-320Hb-3(2)型電動(dòng)機(jī)差動(dòng)保護(hù)裝置校驗(yàn)規(guī)程 ····················································· 135

1 技術(shù)規(guī)范 ············································································································· 135 2 工作原理及檢驗(yàn)周期 ······························································································ 136 3 試驗(yàn)儀器儀表 ······································································································· 136 4 檢修工藝及標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ···································································································· 137 5 常用配件 ············································································································· 138 6 二次回路檢查及傳動(dòng)試驗(yàn) ························································································ 138

1.1.1 額定直流電壓

110V 允許工作范圍80%～ 115%

1.1.2 額定交流數(shù)據(jù)

/3 (額定電壓Un) a) 相電壓100

/3V有重合閘時(shí)可用軟硬件自適應(yīng) b) 線路抽取電壓100V或100

c) 交流電流 1A(額定電流In)

d) 額定頻率 50Hz

e) 過載能力

電流回路 2倍額定電流連續(xù)工作

10倍額定電流允許10秒

40倍額定電流允許1秒

電壓回路 1.2倍額定電壓連續(xù)工作

1.8倍額定電壓允許10秒

1.1.3 功率消耗

a) 直流回路

正常時(shí)<40W 跳閘時(shí)<50W

b) 交流電壓回路 <0.5VA/相

c) 交流電流回路 <0.5VA/相In 5A 和In 1A

1.1.4 接點(diǎn)容量

跳閘信號(hào)其他輔助繼電器接點(diǎn)容量

a)允許長(zhǎng)期通過電流8A

b)切斷電流0.2A 直流220V L/R=7ms

1.1.5 狀態(tài)量電平

a) 各CPU 及通信接口模件的輸入狀態(tài)量電平 24V(18V 30V)

b) GPS 對(duì)時(shí)脈沖輸入電平 24V(18V 30V)

c) 各CPU 輸出狀態(tài)量(光耦輸出)允許電平 24V(18V 30V)

d) 各CPU 輸出狀態(tài)量(光耦輸出)驅(qū)動(dòng)能力 150mA

1.2 主要技術(shù)性能

1.2.1 采樣回路精確工作范圍

a) 相電壓0.2 V～70V

b) 線路抽取電壓0.3 V～120V

c) 電流 0.04In～40In

1.2.2 模擬量測(cè)量精度

電流電壓 0.5 級(jí)相電流和零序電流的最小定值可達(dá)0.05A

1.2.3 縱聯(lián)保護(hù)

距離方向元件最小動(dòng)作時(shí)間10ms

零序方向元件最小動(dòng)作時(shí)間10ms 零序電壓采用浮動(dòng)門坎最小動(dòng)作電壓為0.5V

1.2.4 整組動(dòng)作時(shí)間

a) 相間和接地距離I 段 (0.7 倍整定值)動(dòng)作時(shí)間

不大于20ms 典型值不大于12ms

b) 零序I 段的動(dòng)作時(shí)間

1.2 倍整定值時(shí)測(cè)量不大于20ms

c) 縱聯(lián)保護(hù)

全線速動(dòng)時(shí)間不大于25ms

快速保護(hù)均不大于3%

1.2.6 最小整定阻抗

不包括因裝置外部原因造成的誤差

暫態(tài)超越不大于5%的最小整定二次側(cè)阻抗值為0.01 (短路殘壓大于0.5V)

1.2.7 測(cè)距誤差

不包括因裝置外部原因造成的誤差

金屬性故障時(shí)不大于2%

1.3 絕緣性能

1.3.1 絕緣電阻

裝置的帶電部分和非帶電部分及外殼之間以及電氣上無(wú)聯(lián)系的各電路之間用開路電壓500V的兆歐表測(cè)量其絕緣電阻值正常試驗(yàn)大氣條件下各等級(jí)的各回路絕緣電阻不小于1MΩ

1.3.2 介質(zhì)強(qiáng)度

在正常試驗(yàn)大氣條件下裝置能承受頻率為50Hz 電壓2000V 信號(hào)輸入端子為500V歷時(shí)1 分鐘的工頻耐壓試驗(yàn)而無(wú)擊穿閃絡(luò)及元件損壞現(xiàn)象試驗(yàn)過程中任一被試回路施加電壓時(shí)其余回路等電位互聯(lián)接地

1.3.3 沖擊電壓

在正常試驗(yàn)大氣條件下裝置的電源輸入回路交流輸入回路輸出觸點(diǎn)回路對(duì)地以及回路之間能承受

1.2/50μs 的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)雷電波的短時(shí)沖擊電壓試驗(yàn)開路試驗(yàn)電壓5kV

1.3.4 耐濕熱性能

裝置能承受GB7261 第21 章規(guī)定的濕熱試驗(yàn)

1.4 電磁兼容性能

1.4.1 靜電放電抗干擾度

通過GB/T 17626.2 1998 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)靜電放電抗干擾4 級(jí)試驗(yàn)

1.4.2 射頻電磁場(chǎng)輻射抗干擾度

通過GB/T 17626.3 1998 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)射頻電磁場(chǎng)輻射抗干擾度3 級(jí)試驗(yàn)

1.4.3 電快速瞬變脈沖群抗擾度

通過GB/T 17626.4 1998 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電快速瞬變脈沖群抗擾度4 級(jí)試驗(yàn)

1.4.4 浪涌沖擊抗擾度

通過GB/T 17626.5 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)浪涌沖擊抗擾度3 級(jí)試驗(yàn)

1.4.5 射頻場(chǎng)感應(yīng)的傳導(dǎo)騷擾度

通過GB/T 17626.6 1998 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)射頻場(chǎng)感應(yīng)的傳導(dǎo)騷擾度3 級(jí)試驗(yàn)

1.4.6 工頻磁場(chǎng)抗擾度

通過GB/T 17626.8 1998 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)工頻磁場(chǎng)抗擾度5 級(jí)試驗(yàn)

1.4.7 脈沖磁場(chǎng)抗擾度

通過GB/T 17626.9 1998 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)脈沖磁場(chǎng)抗擾度5 級(jí)試驗(yàn)

1.4.8 阻尼振蕩磁場(chǎng)抗擾度

通過GB/T 17626.10 1998 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)阻尼振蕩磁場(chǎng)抗擾度5 級(jí)試驗(yàn)

1.4.9 振蕩波抗擾度

通過GB/T 17626.12 1998 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)振蕩波抗擾度4 級(jí)試驗(yàn)

1.4.10 輻射發(fā)射限值試驗(yàn)

通過GB 9254 1998 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)輻射發(fā)射限值A(chǔ) 類試驗(yàn)

1.5 機(jī)械性能

1.5.1 振動(dòng)

裝置能承受GB 7261 中16.3 規(guī)定的嚴(yán)酷等級(jí)為I 級(jí)的振動(dòng)能力試驗(yàn)

1.5.2 沖擊

裝置能承受GB 7261 中17.5 規(guī)定的嚴(yán)酷等級(jí)為I 級(jí)的沖擊能力試驗(yàn)

1.5.3 碰撞

裝置能承受GB 7261 第18 章規(guī)定的嚴(yán)酷等級(jí)為I 級(jí)的碰撞能力試驗(yàn)

1.6 工作大氣條件

1.6.1 環(huán)境溫度

正常工作溫度 0℃～40℃

5%～95%

1.6.3 正常工作大氣壓力

66kPa～110kPa

2 工作原理及校驗(yàn)周期

2.1 工作原理

2.1.1 保護(hù)程序整體結(jié)構(gòu)

保護(hù)程序整體結(jié)構(gòu)如圖

2.1

圖2.1 保護(hù)程序整體結(jié)構(gòu)

所有保護(hù)CPU 程序主要包括主程序、采樣中斷程序和故障處理程序。正常運(yùn)行主程序。每隔1ms采樣間隔定時(shí)執(zhí)行一次采樣中斷程序，采樣中斷程序中執(zhí)行啟動(dòng)元件，如果啟動(dòng)元件沒有動(dòng)作，返回主程序。如果啟動(dòng)元件 動(dòng)作，則進(jìn)入故障處理程序(定時(shí)采樣中斷仍然執(zhí)行),完成相應(yīng)保護(hù)功能,整組復(fù)歸時(shí)啟動(dòng)元件返回程序又返回進(jìn)入正常運(yùn)行的主程序。

主程序中進(jìn)行硬件自檢、交流電壓斷線檢查、定值校驗(yàn)、開關(guān)位置判斷、人機(jī)對(duì)話模件和CPU 模件運(yùn)行是否正常相互檢查等。硬件自檢包括ROM、RAM、EEPROM、開出光耦等。

采樣中斷程序中進(jìn)行模擬量采集和相量計(jì)算、開關(guān)量的采集、交流電流斷線判別、重合閘充電、通道邏輯、合閘加速判斷和啟動(dòng)元件計(jì)算等。

故障處理程序中進(jìn)行各種保護(hù)的算法計(jì)算、跳合閘判斷和執(zhí)行、事件記錄、故障錄波、保護(hù)所有元件的動(dòng)作過程記錄，最后進(jìn)行故障報(bào)告的整理和記錄所用定值。

2.1.2 啟動(dòng)元件和整組復(fù)歸

2.1.2.1 啟動(dòng)元件

保護(hù)啟動(dòng)元件用于啟動(dòng)故障處理程序及開放保護(hù)跳閘出口繼電器的，各個(gè)保護(hù)模件以相電流突變量為主要的啟動(dòng)元件，啟動(dòng)門坎由突變量啟動(dòng)定值加上浮動(dòng)門坎，在系統(tǒng)振蕩時(shí)自動(dòng)抬高突變量啟動(dòng)元件的門坎。零序電流啟動(dòng)元件、靜穩(wěn)破壞檢測(cè)元件為輔助啟動(dòng)元件，延時(shí)30ms動(dòng)作以確保相電流突變量元件的優(yōu)先動(dòng)作。

(1) 相電流突變量啟動(dòng)元件

判據(jù)為

其中為a,b,c 三種相別T 為20ms ?i?I?1.25?IQDT

ii(t)?2?i(t?T)?i(t????，為相電流突變量

(t?T)?2?I(t??I)Tφφφ，為相電流不平衡量的最大值

2.1.2.2 啟動(dòng)繼電器的閉鎖措施

PSL602A數(shù)字式高壓線路保護(hù)CPU模件硬件完全相同,其出口回路完全獨(dú)立。任意一塊CPU模件故障均不影響其他CPU 模件的正常動(dòng)作。當(dāng)采用三塊CPU模件時(shí)，啟動(dòng)回路可以由CPU1～CPU3其中兩個(gè)CPU啟動(dòng)才開放保護(hù)出口繼電器的負(fù)電源，即構(gòu)成“三取二方式”。由于每個(gè)CPU 都有較完善的硬件工況的監(jiān)視系統(tǒng)，單個(gè)硬件器件故障不會(huì)引起保護(hù)誤動(dòng)，因此啟動(dòng)回路可以選用“三取一方式”。(當(dāng)只有兩個(gè)保護(hù)CPU 模件時(shí)，如PSL 602A型保護(hù)，對(duì)應(yīng)的啟動(dòng)繼電器為“二取二方式”和“二取一方式”)�！叭�取一方式”或“三取二方式”，可以通過裝置母板上的跳線JP1選擇。出廠時(shí)跳線方式為“三取一方式”。母板中跳線JP1接法如下圖所示，兩個(gè)連接片分別接在1和2、4和5上時(shí)(即連接片在水平位置都連在左邊),啟動(dòng)繼電器為“三取一方式”，圖中標(biāo)識(shí)了“1/3”；兩個(gè)連接片分別接在2和3、5和6上時(shí)(即連接片在水平位置都連在右邊),啟動(dòng)繼電器為“三取二方式”，圖中標(biāo)識(shí)了“2/3”，當(dāng)不接連接片時(shí)為“三取二方式”。

圖2.2 母板中跳線JP1引腳圖

2.1.2.3 整組復(fù)歸

各保護(hù)模件啟動(dòng)后就發(fā)出禁止整組復(fù)歸的信號(hào)，如果本保護(hù)所有的啟動(dòng)元件和故障測(cè)量元件都返回，并且持續(xù)五秒本保護(hù)模件就收回禁止整組復(fù)歸信號(hào)。保護(hù)收到任一個(gè)模件禁止整組復(fù)歸的信號(hào)就保持原先的啟動(dòng)狀態(tài)直到所有模件都收回禁止整組復(fù)歸信號(hào)時(shí)才能整組復(fù)歸，這樣就能保證所有模件均滿足整組復(fù)歸條件時(shí)裝置才整組復(fù)歸。

2.1.3 選相元件

選相元件是區(qū)分故障性質(zhì)和相別,以滿足保護(hù)分相跳閘的要求。PSL602數(shù)字式線路保護(hù)的主保護(hù)和后備保護(hù)采用相同原理的選相元件。為了在特殊系統(tǒng)(例如弱電源)和轉(zhuǎn)換性等復(fù)雜故障下能夠正確選相并有足夠的靈敏度，采用電壓電流復(fù)合突變量和復(fù)合序分量?jī)煞N選相原理相結(jié)合的方法。在故障剛開始時(shí)采用快速和高靈敏度的突變量選相方法，以后采用穩(wěn)態(tài)的序分量選相方法，保證在轉(zhuǎn)換性故障時(shí)能夠正確選相。

兩種選相元件的原理如下

2.1.3.1 電壓電流復(fù)合突變量選相元件 ?U??I???ab、bc、ca令?? &&&?U、?I????其中為相間回路電壓、電流的突變量；Z為阻抗系數(shù)，其值根據(jù)距離保護(hù)或者縱聯(lián)方向保護(hù)中的阻抗元件的整定值自動(dòng)調(diào)整。

Δmax、Δmin分別為Δab、Δbc、Δca中的最大值和最小值。

選相方法如下

(1)當(dāng)Δmin<0.25Δmax時(shí)判定為單相故障，否則為多相故障。

(2)單相故障時(shí)，若Δbc=Δmin判定為a相故障；若Δca=Δmin判定為b相故障；若Δab=Δmin判定為c 相故障。

abbc(3)多相故障時(shí)，若同時(shí)滿足ab、bc、ca

性故障(一正一反)，采用相電流方向元件選擇正向的故障相別。 ???U???U???Uca判定為區(qū)內(nèi)相間故障；否則為轉(zhuǎn)換

&&&??U(1?3k?IZ0?Z)0????&&?U?I?Z22??令，即θ為補(bǔ)償點(diǎn)零序電壓和負(fù)序電壓的相角差。其中Z為阻抗?U(?abbcca) 保德神東發(fā)電有限責(zé)任公司 電氣檢修規(guī)程

系數(shù)，與突變量選相元件類似； KZ為零序補(bǔ)償系數(shù)。

將θ 的取值分成三個(gè)區(qū)，每個(gè)區(qū)內(nèi)包含有兩種故障。當(dāng)-30°<θ≤90°時(shí)為A區(qū)，為A相接地或BC兩相接地；當(dāng)90°<θ≤210°時(shí)為B區(qū)，為B相接地或CA兩相接地；當(dāng)210°<θ≤330°時(shí)為C區(qū)，為C相接地或AB兩相接地。本選相元件就是根據(jù)這個(gè)特性進(jìn)行故障相的判別。

為了進(jìn)一步區(qū)分單相接地和兩相接地，依次作如下判別(以A 區(qū)為例)：

(1)IIIZbc?Zzd時(shí)，判定為A相接地；否則

0.5I1時(shí)，判定為BCG；否則 1或I2?(2)0

(3)B、C相方向元件都動(dòng)作時(shí)，判定為BCG；否則

(4)B相方向元件動(dòng)作時(shí)，判定為BG；C相方向元件動(dòng)作時(shí)判定為CG。

對(duì)于A 相故障，Zbc為負(fù)荷阻抗，不會(huì)進(jìn)入保護(hù)范圍內(nèi)，因此條件(1)滿足時(shí)肯定為A相接地；對(duì)于轉(zhuǎn)換性故障(正向BG、反向CG)，由于B相和C相電流的流向相反，測(cè)量到的是一個(gè)虛假的I0 、I1 、和I2 可以證明轉(zhuǎn)換性故障時(shí)條件(2)不成立，因此通過條件(3)、(4)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換性故障的判別。

對(duì)于三相轉(zhuǎn)換性故障(例如AG正向、BCG反向)，上面的方法仍不能正確選相，因此三相電壓低于15V時(shí)，通過三個(gè)相電流方向元件選擇正方向的故障相。

這種選相元件除了在復(fù)雜故障時(shí)能夠正確選相，另外對(duì)于弱電源側(cè)的故障選相有足夠的靈敏度。

2.1.4 振蕩閉鎖的開放元件

在相電流突變量啟動(dòng)150ms內(nèi)，距離保護(hù)和縱聯(lián)距離保護(hù)短時(shí)開放。在突變量啟動(dòng)150ms后或者零序電流輔助啟動(dòng)、靜穩(wěn)破壞啟動(dòng)后，保護(hù)程序進(jìn)入振蕩閉鎖。在振蕩閉鎖期間，縱聯(lián)距離和距離I、II段要在振蕩閉鎖開放元件動(dòng)作后才投入。

振蕩閉鎖的開放元件要滿足以下幾點(diǎn)要求：

a)系統(tǒng)不振蕩時(shí)開放；

b)系統(tǒng)純振蕩時(shí)不開放；

c)系統(tǒng)振蕩又發(fā)生區(qū)內(nèi)故障時(shí)能夠可靠、快速開放；

d) 系統(tǒng)振蕩又發(fā)生區(qū)外故障時(shí)，在距離保護(hù)會(huì)誤動(dòng)期間不開放。

對(duì)于不可能出現(xiàn)系統(tǒng)振蕩的線路，可由控制字退出振蕩閉鎖的功能，以提高保護(hù)的動(dòng)作速度。本裝置的振蕩閉鎖開放元件采用了阻抗不對(duì)稱法、序分量法和振蕩軌跡半徑檢測(cè)法的三種方法，任何一種動(dòng)作時(shí)就開放縱聯(lián)距離和距離I、II保護(hù)。前兩種方法只能開放不對(duì)稱故障，在線路非全相運(yùn)行時(shí)退出；最后一種方法則在全相和非全相運(yùn)行時(shí)都投入。

各種方法原理和判據(jù)說明如下：

1)阻抗不對(duì)稱法

選相元件選中A相，并且BC相間的測(cè)量阻抗在輔助阻抗范圍外時(shí)開放A相的阻抗I、II段。對(duì)于B 相接地距離保護(hù)和C 相接地距離保護(hù)依次類推。

在系統(tǒng)振蕩時(shí)，若兩側(cè)電勢(shì)的功角在180°附近時(shí)，相間阻抗的輔助段會(huì)動(dòng)作，該元件不會(huì)開放接地距離保護(hù)；若兩側(cè)電勢(shì)的功角在0°附近時(shí)，該元件開放接地距離保護(hù)，但此時(shí)接地距離保護(hù)不會(huì)誤動(dòng)作。該方法的特點(diǎn)是高阻接地時(shí)，保護(hù)也能開放，缺點(diǎn)是只能開放單相接地故障。

2)序分量法

1當(dāng)02時(shí)開放距離保護(hù)。該方法是根據(jù)不對(duì)稱故障時(shí)產(chǎn)生的零序和負(fù)序分量來開放保護(hù)。m

為可靠系數(shù)，以確保區(qū)外故障時(shí)保護(hù)不會(huì)誤動(dòng)。

3)振蕩軌跡半徑檢測(cè)法

系統(tǒng)純振蕩，或振蕩時(shí)發(fā)生經(jīng)過渡電阻的故障，測(cè)量阻抗的變化軌跡為圓。金屬性故障時(shí)，軌跡圓蛻變?yōu)辄c(diǎn)。阻抗變化率dz/dt與軌跡圓的半徑有內(nèi)在的關(guān)系。本方法是通過阻抗軌跡的測(cè)量來躲過會(huì)引起保護(hù)誤動(dòng)的振蕩以及區(qū)外故障，具體方法為在滿足以下條件時(shí)，開放BC 相間距離： I?0.5II?I?mI

dZZbc?2bc

dt b)

dZZbc?Zzd?bc

dt c)

其中zd為距離保護(hù)的整定值，ZΣ為一個(gè)不大于系統(tǒng)總阻抗的門坎，在裝置內(nèi)根據(jù)保護(hù)定值自動(dòng)確定。對(duì)CA、AB相間距離和A、B、C接地距離以次類推。

條件a)使距離保護(hù)在系統(tǒng)純振蕩時(shí)不誤動(dòng)；條件b)使距離保護(hù)在振蕩中發(fā)生反向故障時(shí)不誤動(dòng)；條件c)使距離保護(hù)在振蕩中發(fā)生區(qū)外故障時(shí)不誤動(dòng)�？梢宰C明系統(tǒng)振蕩周期小于3 秒時(shí)，保護(hù)不會(huì)誤動(dòng)。為了進(jìn)一步增加安全性，裝置在檢測(cè)到振蕩周期很慢時(shí)自動(dòng)閉鎖該元件。

在發(fā)生出口故障時(shí)，條件b)將拒動(dòng)。為此還設(shè)置了一個(gè)突變量方向元件，在條件a)和c)滿足但條件b)不滿足時(shí)，若突變量方向元件動(dòng)作，開放距離保護(hù)100ms。

2.1.5 波形比較法快速距離保護(hù)

對(duì)于基于工頻量的保護(hù)，都要采用某種算法(或?yàn)V波器)來濾除故障暫態(tài)過程中的非周期分量和諧波分量。數(shù)據(jù)窗的長(zhǎng)度越長(zhǎng)，濾波效果越好，但保護(hù)的動(dòng)作速度也越慢。暫態(tài)諧波的大小和特性在不同的系統(tǒng)中差異很大，算法的選擇要滿足實(shí)際最嚴(yán)重情況下的測(cè)量精度，因此保護(hù)的動(dòng)作速度難以得到較大的提高。本裝置設(shè)置的快速距離I段保護(hù)，采用了基于波形識(shí)別原理的快速算法，能夠通過故障電流的波形實(shí)時(shí)估計(jì)噪聲的水平，并據(jù)此自動(dòng)調(diào)整動(dòng)作門坎，大大提高了保護(hù)的動(dòng)作速度。其原理如下：

設(shè)f為系統(tǒng)額定頻率，Ts為采樣周期，θ=2 f，故障電流的采樣值為

令 Zi,i,i,...,i012k

??X?i,i,i,...,i012kT

設(shè)電流向量為

T?cos(0),sin(0)??cos(?),sin(?)??A????......??cos(k?),sin(k?)?? ?k?Cos(l?)il???Tl?0AX??k??Sin(l?)i??l???l?0? 1k?k?2Cos(l?),Sin(2l?)????2l?0Tl?0A?A??k?k122Sin(2l?),?Sin(l?)???l?0?2l?0? T??I?jI?Y?Is,?Ic?Ics，并令T 。則電流相量的快速算法為 ?1Y?(?)XAA?A

同理可以獲得電壓的向量U，因此測(cè)量阻抗為 ?

該算法在故障三個(gè)采樣點(diǎn)(2ms)后就能夠計(jì)算出故障阻抗，從而構(gòu)成快速距離保護(hù)。但算法的精度與數(shù)據(jù)窗的長(zhǎng)度以及故障后系統(tǒng)暫態(tài)諧波的大小有關(guān)。在諧波比較小的情況下，很短的數(shù)據(jù)窗就能精確的測(cè)U?Z?I

除了波形比較法快速距離，在距離保護(hù)中還具備突變量距離保護(hù)，在線路近處故障，動(dòng)作時(shí)間<10ms。

2.1.6 距離保護(hù)

距離保護(hù)設(shè)有Zbc、Zca、Zab三個(gè)相間距離保護(hù)和Za、Zb、Zc三個(gè)接地距離保護(hù)。除了三段距離外，還設(shè)有輔助阻抗元件，共有24個(gè)阻抗繼電器。在全相運(yùn)行時(shí)24個(gè)繼電器同時(shí)投入；非全相運(yùn)行時(shí)則只投入健全相的阻抗繼電器，例如A相斷開時(shí)只投入Zbc和Zb、Zc回路的各段保護(hù)。

2.1.6.1 接地距離 'Z?m(?,k)?Zzdzd Z其中'zd

接地距離由偏移阻抗元件PYφ、零序電抗元件0φ和正序方向元件

阻抗元件采用經(jīng)傅氏積分的微分方程算法。接地阻抗算法為： ZXF1φ組成(φ=a,b,c)。

U?Ld(I?K3I)/dt?R(I?K3I),φ?a,b,cφφφX0φφr0

r011其中X011

接地距離偏移阻抗元件Ⅰ、Ⅱ段動(dòng)作特性如圖2.3.1的粗實(shí)線所示，并與正序方向元件F1和零序電抗繼電器X0共同組成接地距離Ⅰ、Ⅱ段動(dòng)作區(qū)。偏移阻抗Ⅲ段動(dòng)作特性如圖2.3.2的黑實(shí)線所示，并與正序方向元件F1共同組成接地距離Ⅲ段動(dòng)作區(qū)。其中，阻抗定值ZZD按段分別整定,而電阻分量定值RZD和靈敏角φZ(yǔ)D 三段公用一個(gè)定值。偏移門坎根據(jù)RZD和ZZD自動(dòng)調(diào)整。

R分量的偏移門坎取

'R?min(0.5R,0.5Z).5R,0.5ZZDZDZDZD 即取0的較小值。 K?(X?X)/3X,K?(R?R)/3R

X分量的偏移門坎取

'X?min(0.5Ω,0.5Z).5Ω,0.5ZZDZD 即取0的較小值。

為了使各段的電阻分量便于配合，本特性電阻側(cè)的邊界線的傾角與線路阻抗角Ф相同，這樣，在保護(hù)各段范圍內(nèi)，具有相同的耐故障電阻能力。

圖2.3.1 阻抗Ⅰ、Ⅱ段動(dòng)作特性 圖2.3.2 阻抗Ⅲ段動(dòng)作特性

由于ZPY不能判別故障方向。因此還設(shè)有正序方向元件F1。該元件采用正序電壓和回路電流進(jìn)行比相。以A相正序方向元件F1a為例，令2U?1/3(U?aU?aU)1abc ，正序方向元件F1a的動(dòng)作判據(jù)為

U???25?1?115I?K3IA0 動(dòng)作特性如圖2.3.1和圖2.3.2中的F1虛線所示，虛線以上是正方向動(dòng)作區(qū)。

正序方向元件的特點(diǎn)是引入了健全相的電壓，因此在線路出口處發(fā)生不對(duì)稱故障時(shí)能保證正確的方向

2.1.6.2 相間距離

相間距離由偏移阻抗元件

相間阻抗算法為： U?Z(I?K3I)?ZD?0??90??90jIe0 ?ZPYφY和正序方向元件F1φφ組成(φφ=bc,ca,ab)。

相間偏移阻抗Ⅰ、Ⅱ段動(dòng)作特性如圖2.3.1的粗實(shí)線所示，并與正序方向元件F1共同組成相間距離Ⅰ、

Ⅱ段動(dòng)作區(qū)。偏移阻抗Ⅲ段動(dòng)作特性如圖2.3.2的粗實(shí)線所示，并與正序方向元件F1共同組成相間距離Ⅲ段動(dòng)作區(qū)。相間阻抗偏移特性和接地阻抗偏移特性相似。其中，阻抗定值ZZD按段分別整，定靈敏角φZ(yǔ)D三段公用一個(gè)定值。相間偏移阻抗Ⅰ、Ⅱ的電阻分量為RZD的一半，相間偏移阻抗Ⅲ段的電阻分量為RZD。偏移門坎根據(jù)RZD和ZZD自動(dòng)調(diào)整。

R分量的偏移門坎取

'Ⅰ,Ⅱ,ⅢⅠ,Ⅱ,ⅢR?min(0.5R,0.5Z)0.5R,0.5ZZDZDZDZD 即取的較小值。 U?LdI/dt?RI,φφ?bc,ca,aφφφφφφ

X分量的偏移門坎取

'X?min(0.5Ω,0.5Z).5Ω,0.5ZZDZD 即取0的較小值。

相間距離所用正序方向元件F1原理和接地距離所用正序方向元件原理相同。相間距離所用正序方向元件采用正序電壓和相間電流進(jìn)行比相。

本裝置設(shè)置了六個(gè)阻抗回路(Zbc、Zca、Zab、Za、Zb、Zc)的阻抗輔助元件，阻抗輔助元件具有全阻抗性質(zhì)的四邊形特性，其定值與阻抗Ⅲ段相同，動(dòng)作特性如圖

2.4所示。阻抗輔助元件不作為故障范圍的判別，應(yīng)用于靜穩(wěn)破壞檢測(cè)、故障選相等元件中。

圖2.4 阻抗輔助元件

2.1.6.3 距離保護(hù)邏輯

距離保護(hù)邏輯方框圖見下圖：距離保護(hù)動(dòng)作邏輯說明

1、接地距離Ⅰ段保護(hù)區(qū)內(nèi)短路故障時(shí)，動(dòng)作后經(jīng)T2延時(shí)(一般整定為零)由或門H4、H2至選相元件控制的回路跳閘；跳閘脈沖由跳閘相過流元件自保持，直到跳閘相電流元件返回才收回跳閘脈沖。相間故障動(dòng)作后經(jīng)T3延時(shí)(一般整為零)由或門H7、H18、H19進(jìn)行三相跳閘，當(dāng)KG1.8=1時(shí)(相間故障永跳),保護(hù)直接經(jīng)由或門H14、H22、H21永跳。I段II段距離保護(hù)分別經(jīng)與門Y7、Y8、Y9、Y10由振蕩閉鎖元件控制，振蕩閉鎖元件可經(jīng)由控制字選擇退出。

2、當(dāng)選相元件拒動(dòng)時(shí)，H2的輸出經(jīng)Y19、H23、選相拒動(dòng)時(shí)間延時(shí)元件T8(150ms)、H24、H19進(jìn)行三相跳閘；因故單相運(yùn)行時(shí)，同樣經(jīng)T8延時(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)三相跳閘。

3、Ⅱ段保護(hù)區(qū)內(nèi)短路故障時(shí)，接地故障和相間故障的動(dòng)作情況與I段保護(hù)區(qū)內(nèi)故障時(shí)相同。除動(dòng)作時(shí)限ZφZ(yǔ)'φφ

4、非全相運(yùn)行過程中，健全相發(fā)生短路故障時(shí)，振蕩閉鎖元件開放，保護(hù)區(qū)內(nèi)發(fā)生接地或相間短路故障時(shí)，H4或H7動(dòng)作，于是H5的輸出經(jīng)Y12、H18、H19進(jìn)行三相跳閘；若KG1.10=1(非全相永跳),則經(jīng)或門H20、H21進(jìn)行永跳。

5、手合或重合于故障線路，H25的輸出經(jīng)Y21、H22、H21進(jìn)行永跳。

2.1.7 零序電流保護(hù)

其靈敏角在-110度，動(dòng)作區(qū)共150度

零序各段是否帶方向可以由控制字選擇投退。

線路PT時(shí)，在非全相運(yùn)行和合閘加速期間，自產(chǎn)3U0已不單純是故障形成，零序功率方向元件退出，按規(guī)程規(guī)定零序電流保護(hù)自動(dòng)不帶方向。

當(dāng)PT斷線后，零序電流保護(hù)的方向元件將不能正常工作，零序保護(hù)是否還帶方向由“PT斷線零序方向投退”控制字選擇。如果選擇PT斷線時(shí)零序方向投入，PT斷線時(shí)所有帶方向的零序電流段均不能動(dòng)作，這樣可以保證PT斷線期間反向故障，帶方向的零序電流保護(hù)不會(huì)誤動(dòng)。

零序保護(hù)在重合加速脈沖和手合加速脈沖期間投入獨(dú)立的加速段，零序電流加速段定值及延時(shí)可整定。 零序Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ段動(dòng)作是永跳還是選跳可分別由控制字選擇。

零序保護(hù)邏輯見下圖： ?3U?175?0?3253I0 ?

保德神東發(fā)電有限責(zé)任公司 電氣檢修規(guī)程

零序保護(hù)邏輯框圖

零序保護(hù)邏輯框圖說明：

1、零序方向過流Ⅱ段、Ⅲ段、Ⅳ段可分別通過控制字選擇為零序選跳或零序永跳。

2、PT斷線時(shí)，零序功率方向經(jīng)由與門Y1被閉鎖，若KG2.9=1(PT斷線時(shí)零序功率方向投入)，則與門Y9輸出為0，或門H1無(wú)輸出，從而零序電流各段被閉鎖；當(dāng)KG2.9=0時(shí)，與門Y9輸出為1，或門H1有輸出，零序電流各段開放，但不帶方向。

3、非全相運(yùn)行過程中，零序方向電流Ⅰ段(KG2.5=1,為靈敏段)、Ⅱ段(KG2.6=1,為靈敏段)、Ⅲ段被閉鎖，保留零序方向電流Ⅳ，動(dòng)作時(shí)限要求躲過非全相運(yùn)行周期與加速保護(hù)動(dòng)作時(shí)間之和。

4、當(dāng)采用母線PT時(shí)(KG2.12=0)，非全相運(yùn)行或合閘加速期間，零序功率方向元件是正確的，與門Y7、Y8可以開放；當(dāng)采用線路PT時(shí)(KG2.12=1)時(shí),在非全相運(yùn)行或合閘加速期間,零序功率方向元件可能處于制動(dòng)狀態(tài),為保證與門Y7、Y8的開放，由與門Y2的輸出經(jīng)H1提供了Y7、Y8的動(dòng)作條件。

5、手動(dòng)合閘或自動(dòng)重合時(shí)，零序加速段由與門Y8實(shí)現(xiàn)。

2.1.8 非全相運(yùn)行

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